RESUMEN Introducción: la necrosis pancreática se presenta entre 10 y 20 % de los pacientes con pancreatitis aguda, tiene una mortalidad de 10 a 25 % y si se agrega infección a la necrosis entre 40 y 70 %. Objetivo: describir el manejo clínico quirúrgico de la necrosis pancreática infectada en el Servicio de Cirugía General del Hospital Nacional entre el periodo 2021-2022. Metodología: estudio observacional descriptivo de corte temporal transversal. En pacientes internados en el Servicio de Cirugía General del Hospital Nacional por pancreatitis aguda grave con necrosis pancreática infectada. Resultados: se analizaron un total de 30 pacientes. La media de edad fue de 39 años. Predominó en nuestra población pacientes de sexo masculino en el 56.67 %. En cuanto a las comorbilidades asociadas un 33.3 % los pacientes presentaron principalmente Diabetes mellitus tipo 2 e Hipertensión arterial; en menor medida Obesidad en un 23.3 %. De la población en estudio 76.6 % recibieron tratamiento quirúrgico y 23.33% tratamiento médico principalmente antibiótico terapia. De los pacientes sometidos a tratamiento quirúrgico 9 fueron a necrosectomia abierta, 7 a drenaje percutáneo, y en menor medida drenaje biliar y endoscópico. En cuanto a la mortalidad por necrosis pancreática infectada encontramos un 10 % de mortalidad. Discusión: la mayor parte de los pacientes con pancreatitis aguda grave sufren de necrosis pancreática; la necrosis pancreática infectada se asocia con mayor riesgo de mortalidad y en su mayoría requieren tratamientos invasivos. Conclusión: el manejo mínimamente invasivo en el tratamiento inicial de la necrosis pancreática infectada podría resolver la mayoría de los casos sin necesidad de realizar necrosectomia; reservando esta última solo a los que fracasan en el tratamiento inicial.

ABSTRACT Introduction: pancreatic necrosis occurs between 10 and 20 % of patients with pancreatitis, has a mortality of 10 to 25 % and if infection is added to the necrosis between 40 and 70 %. Objective: to describe the surgical and clinical management of infected necrotizing pancreatitis in patients admitted to the General Surgery Service of the Hospital Nacional between the period 2021-2022. Methodology: this was an observational, descriptive and cross-section study with a temporal cut. We included patients admitted to the general surgery service of the National Hospital with severe acute pancreatitis with infected necrotizing pancreatitis. Results: a total of 30 patients were included. The mean age was 39 years. Male patients prevailed in our population in 56.67 %. Regarding the associated comorbidities, 33.3 % of the patients presented mainly type 2 diabetes mellitus and arterial hypertension; to a lesser extent Obesity in 23.3 %. In the study population, 76.6 % received surgical treatment and 23.33 % medical treatment, mainly antibiotic therapy. Of the patients who underwent surgical treatment, 9 were open necrosectomy, 7 had percutaneous drainage, and to a lesser extent biliary and endoscopic drainage. Regarding mortality due to infected necrotizing pancreatitis, we found a 10% mortality. Discussion: most of the patients with severe acute pancreatitis suffer from necrotizing pancreatitis; infected necrotizing pancreatitis is associated with increased risk of mortality and most require invasive treatment. Conclusion: minimally invasive management in the initial treatment of infected necrotizing pancreatitis, which could resolve most cases without the need to perform necrosectomy; the latter should be reserved for those who fail the initial treatment.

RESUMEN Introducción: la diabetes mellitus es una enfermedad crónica que, al no ser controlada, puede desencadenar en complicaciones macro y microvasculares. Uno de los indicadores de un adecuado control glucémico es la hemoglobina glicosilada. Objetivos: determinar la frecuencia de complicaciones macro y microvasculares en pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 con hemoglobina glicosilada alterada internados en el Hospital Nacional de Itauguá periodo 2022 - 2023 Metodología: estudio observacional, descriptivo de corte transversal que incluyó a 170 pacientes adultos internados en el servicio de clínica médica del Hospital Nacional (Itauguá, Paraguay) durante los años 2022 y 2023. Resultados: la edad media fue de 58 ± 12 años, con predominio del sexo femenino (51 %). La complicación más frecuentemente diagnosticada fue la enfermedad del pie relacionada a la diabetes con 83 pacientes (49 %), seguido por retinopatía diabética 23 (14 %). El valor promedio de hemoglobina glicosilada fue de 10 ± 2 %. Solamente 6 (4 %) del total de pacientes presentó un valor de HbA1C≥ 7,1 %. La comorbilidad asociada más frecuente fue la hipertensión arterial 87 (51 %). El 91 % de los pacientes conocía ser portador de la enfermedad, el 80 % recibía algún tipo de tratamiento. Conclusiones: el pie diabético fue la complicación vascular diagnosticada con mayor ,frecuencia, especialmente en pacientes con HbA1C≥ 7,1 %.

ABSTRACT Introduction: diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease that, if not controlled, can lead to macro- and microvascular complications. One of the indicators of adequate glycemic control is glycosylated hemoglobin. Objectives: to determine the frequency of macro and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetic patients with altered glycosylated hemoglobin admitted to the Hospital Nacional from 2022 to 2023 Methodology: this was an observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study that included 170 adult patients admitted to the Internal Medicine service of the Hospital Nacional (Itauguá, Paraguay) during the years 2022 and 2023. Results: the mean age was 58 ± 12 years, with a predominance of the female sex (51 %). The most frequently diagnosed complication was foot disease related to diabetes with 83 patients (49 %), followed by diabetic retinopathy 23 (14 %). The average value of glycosylated hemoglobin was 10 ± 2 %. Only 6 (4 %) of the total patients had an HbA1C value ≤7 %. The most frequent associated comorbidity was arterial hypertension 87 (51 %). 91 % of the patients knew they were carriers of the disease, 80 % received some type of treatment. Conclusions: diabetic foot was the most frequently diagnosed vascular complication, especially in patients with HbA1C ≥7.1 %.

ABSTRACT Introduction: diabetes mellitus is a non-communicable disease with high comorbidity and especially linked to chronic kidney disease. Characterization of diabetic patients according to epidemiological variables and knowledge of their chronic kidney disease must precede the clinical assessment and educational intervention aimed at modifying lifestyles as part of primary health care. Objectives: to characterize diabetic patients from Santa Clara Polyclinic according to selected epidemiological variables as well as the comorbidity linked to chronic kidney disease. Methods: a descriptive exploratory study was carried out on diabetic patients belonged to the 16-11 doctor’s office in Santa Clara Polyclinic from October 2019 to June 2022. The population was made up of 79 diabetic patients and 60 formed the sample according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. Statistical analysis techniques such as descriptive statistics, simple frequency analysis and the Chi- square independence test were used. Results: males, age group 55-59 years, type 2 diabetes mellitus and high blood pressure levels correlated with diabetes predominated. Besides, a low level of knowledge on chronic kidney diseases was identified. Conclusions: the obtained results confirm the relevance of this type of studies to raise the level of knowledge on the relationship between diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease in order to contribute to the improvement of the quality of life of this population group through a previously oriented educational intervention.

RESUMEN Introducción: La diabetes mellitus es una enfermedad no transmisible con una elevada comorbilidad, sobre todo, vinculada a la enfermedad renal crónica. La caracterización del paciente diabético, según variables epidemiológicas y los conocimientos de la enfermedad renal crónica que presentan, deben preceder a la valoración clínica y a la intervención educativa dirigida a modificar estilos de vida como parte de la atención primaria de salud. Objetivos: Caracterizar a pacientes diabéticos del Policlínico Santa Clara, según variables epidemiológicas seleccionadas, y la comorbilidad vinculada con la enfermedad renal crónica. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo-exploratorio a los pacientes diabéticos en el consultorio médico de la familia 16-11 del Policlínico Santa Clara, de octubre del 2019 a junio del 2022. La población estuvo conformada por 79 pacientes diabéticos y la muestra por 60, según criterios de inclusión y exclusión. Se utilizaron técnicas de análisis estadístico: análisis de frecuencias simples, estadística descriptiva y la prueba de independencia de Chi cuadrado. Resultados: Predominó el sexo masculino; grupo etario de 55-59; diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y cifras elevadas de tensión arterial correlacionadas con la diabetes. Además, existió un nivel bajo de conocimientos acerca de las enfermedades renales crónicas. Conclusiones: Los resultados obtenidos permiten confirmar la relevancia de este tipo de estudios para elevar el nivel de conocimientos sobre la relación entre el padecimiento de diabetes mellitus y la enfermedad renal crónica, para contribuir a mejorar la calidad de vida de este grupo poblacional a través de una intervención educativa previamente orientada.

Resumo Introdução: Os inibidores do co-transportador de sódio-glicose 2 (iSGLT2) são fármacos cada vez mais utilizados no tratamento da diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) por apresentarem benefícios em doentes com comorbilidades como doença renal crónica e insuficiência cardíaca. Existe evidência que suporta a relação entre a terapêutica com iSGLT2 e o aumento do risco de infeções genitais. Em relação à sua associação com infeções do trato urinário (ITU) existem algumas incongruências na literatura. Objetivos: Avaliar se os utentes com DM2 medicados com iSGLT2 estão em risco aumentado de terem ITU e infeções genitais, numa amostra de doentes com DM2 seguidos numa Unidade de Saúde e Familiar (USF), em comparação com utentes sob terapêutica com outros grupos farmacológicos de antidiabéticos, que não os iSGLT2. Métodos: Estudo caso-controlo, com uma população com DM2 inscritos numa USF do Norte de Portugal. Foram comparados os registos, do ano de 2021, de ocorrência de cistite, pielonefrite/ pielite, balanite, prostatite, vaginite, candidíases e tricomoníase em utentes medicados com iSGLT2 com um grupo não medicado com estes fármacos (variável grupo: caso ou com iSGLT2 vs controlo ou sem iSGLT2). Foram efetuados modelos de regressão logística (simples e múltiplos) de forma a estudar a associação entre a terapêutica com iSGLT2 e as infeções mencionadas. Resultados: Amostra final: 953 utentes. Para a ocorrência de cistite, o grupo iSGLT2 mostrou-se protetor para este outcome, com um OR de 0,47 [0,24; 0,90]. Quando a variável grupo foi ajustada para os fatores de risco potencialmente confundidores perdeu a significância no modelo final 0,54 [0,27; 1,07]. Para o desenvolvimento de pielonefrite, balanite, vaginite e tricomoníase, a variável grupo não se mostrou significativamente associada. Conclusão: Este estudo parece favorecer a segurança a nível de infeções urinárias e genitais na utilização dos iSGLT2 que possam limitar a prescrição destes fármacos.

Abstract Introduction: Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor (iSGLT2) drugs are being increasingly used in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2), due to their benefit in chronic kidney disease and heart failure - frequent comorbidities in patients with DM2. Evidence has been found linking iSGLT2 usage to an increased risk of genital infections. Regarding iSGLT2’s association with urinary tract infections (UTI), the findings are inconsistent. Aim: Determine in a sample taken from a primary care center, to determine whether DM2 patients treated with iSGLT2 are at an increased risk of UTI and genital infections when compared to DM2 patients treated only with other antidiabetic drugs. Methods: A case-control study, of a population of DM2 patients from a primary care center in the north of Portugal. Records from the year 2021 of cystitis, pyelonephritis/pyelitis, balanitis, prostatitis, vaginitis, candidiasis, and trichomoniasis, of iSGLT2 medicated DM2 patients were compared to those without this treatment (group variable: case with iSGLT2 vs control without iSGLT2). Logistic regression models were utilized to derive the association between iSGLT2 usage and previously mentioned infections. Results: Final sample: 953 patients. The group iSGLT2 was protective of the outcome cystitis, with an OR=0.47 [0.24; 0.90]. After adjusting for potential confounding factors this association was no longer significant - OR=0.54 [0.27; 1.07]. There was no significant association found between iSGLT2 usage and pyelonephritis/pyelitis, balanitis, prostatitis, vaginitis, candidiasis, and trichomoniasis. Conclusion: The present study seems to favor iSGLT2 safety regarding urinary and genital infections that may limit the prescription of these drugs.

Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar a efetividade dos medicamentos inibidores da SGLT2 (iSGLT2) no controlo de pessoa com diabetes tipo 2 (PDM2) pelos valores de hemoglobina A1c (HbA1c), índice de massa corporal (IMC) e perímetro abdominal (PA) após cinco anos de seguimento. Métodos: Estudo observacional de coorte retrospetiva multicêntrica, de 2017 a 2022, efetuado em 2023. Analisaram-se os dados fornecidos pela Administração Regional de Saúde (ARS) do Centro de PDM2 (classificação T90 da ICPC-2) dos Agrupamentos de Centros de Saúde (ACeS) Baixo Mondego e Dão Lafões, de PMD2 escolhidas aleatoriamente e medicadas em 2017 com iSGLT2. Dados de PDM2 em 2017 e 2022, para a data mais próxima do fim do respetivo ano para HbA1c, IMC e PA. Controlo de DM2 para valores de HbA1c: ≤7% e ≤8%. Resultados: Amostra de n=264 pessoas, 59,0% (n=156) homens. Verificaram-se variações de 2017 para 2022 na HbA1c de 7,62±1,21 para 7,56±1,12 (Δ=-0,009) (p=0,951), no IMC de 31,65±8,72 para 29,90±4,56 (Δ=-0,056) (p<0,001) e no PA de 104,90±13,64 para 105,58±11,11 (Δ=+0,007) (p=0,424). Frequência de PMD2 controladas, para HbA1c ≤7% e <65 anos, de 31,1% em 2017 e de 27,1% em 2022, Δ=-12,9 (p>0,05) e para HbA1c ≤8% de 74,8% em 2017 e de 73,3% em 2022, Δ=-0,02 (p=0,002). Discussão: Comparando com valores de um estudo prévio, com seguimento a dois anos, verificaram-se reduções em HbA1c e IMC e aumento do PA, provavelmente pelo facto de a sarcopenia reduzir o IMC, que o aumento do PA não contrabalança. A prescrição de iSGLT2 não reduziu a prevalência de PMD2. Conclusão: Verificou-se efetividade dos iSGLT2 na redução da HbA1c e do IMC, ao contrário do PA e da percentagem de PMDM2 controladas pelo valor de HbA1c.

Abstract Objective: To ascertain the five-year effectiveness of SGLT2 inhibitor (iSGLT2) medicines on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Persons (T2DMP) on haemoglobin (HbA1c), body mass index (BMI) and abdominal perimeter (AP) values. Methods: Observational multicentric retrospective cohort study, in 2022, analysing data provided by the Regional Health Administration Authority (RHA) of Central for T2DMP (ICPC-2 - T90 classification) of Baixo Mondego and Dão Lafões, Portuguese NHS Primary Care Units clusters, medicated in 2017 with SGLT2i and re-studied in 2022, for closest date to the end of the year. Two values of HbA1c were taken as control cut-offs: ≤7% and ≤8%. Results: A sample of n=264, 59.0% (n=156) male was studied. From 2017 to 2022: HbA1c, 7.62±1.21 to 7.56±1.12 (Δ=-0.8) (p=0.951); BMI, 31.65±8.72 to 29.90±4.56 (Δ=-5.5) (p<0.001); and AP, 104.90±13.64 to 105.58± 11.11(Δ=+0.6) (p=0.424). The prevalence of controlled PMD2 under 65 years for HbA1c ≤7% in 2017 was 34.0% and in 2022 of 32.1%, Δ=-5.50; and for HbA1c ≤8% for older ones than 65 years of 74.8% in 2017 and of 743.3% in 2022, Δ=-0.02. Discussion: Comparing these values with previous ones, an improvement in HbA1c and BMI, and worsening of AP was verified, sarcopenia possibly reducing BMI not balanced by the AP increase. Conclusion: The effectiveness of iSGLT2 in the reduction of HbA1c and BMI was verified, unlike the AP and the frequency of controlled PDM2.

Resumo Várias razões podem estar subjacentes ao aumento dramático da diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Um desses motivos é a base genética e variações. Os polimorfismos do receptor da vitamina D estão associados a diferentes doenças, como artrite reumatoide e diabetes. O objetivo deste estudo é investigar a possível associação de duas mutações identificadas ApaI (rs7975232) e TaqI (rs731236). Oitenta e nove indivíduos saudáveis e 56 pacientes com diabetes tipo 2 (T2D) foram investigados usando a técnica RFLP para genotipagem e haplotipagem também. A distribuição dos genótipos Apal não foi estatisticamente significativa entre o controle (P = 0,65), bem como para os pacientes diabéticos (P = 0,58). Para as frequências do alelo Taql, o alelo T foi de 0,61, onde o alelo G foi de 0,39. A distribuição de frequência dos genótipos Taql não foi estatisticamente significativa entre o controle (P = 0,26), bem como os pacientes diabéticos (P = 0,17). O risco relativo do alelo T do gene Apa1 é 1,28 e a razão de chances do mesmo alelo é 1,53, enquanto ambas as estimativas foram < 1,0 do alelo G. Da mesma forma, com o gene Taq1, os valores de risco relativo e razão de chances para o alelo T são 1,09 e 1,27, respectivamente, e ambas as estimativas do alelo C foram de 0,86 para o risco relativo e 0,79 para o odds ratio. O desequilíbrio de ligação par a par entre os dois SNPs Taq1 / apa1 foi estatisticamente significativo no grupo de controle (D = 0,218, D' = 0,925 e valor P < 0,001) e dados semelhantes em grupos diabéticos (D = 0,2, D' = 0,875 e valor P < 0,001). Esses dados sugerem que o alelo T de ambos os genes Apa1 e Taq1 está associado ao aumento do risco de diabetes tipo 2. Achamos que precisamos de um número maior de voluntários para chegar a uma conclusão mais precisa.

Abstract Several reasons may underlie the dramatic increase in type2 diabetes mellitus. One of these reasons is the genetic basis and variations. Vitamin D receptor polymorphisms are associated with different diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and diabetes. The aim of this study is to investigate the possible association of two identified mutations ApaI (rs7975232) and TaqI (rs731236). Eighty-nine healthy individuals and Fifty-six Type 2 Diabetic (T2D) patients were investigated using RFLP technique for genotyping and haplotyping as well. The distribution of Apal genotypes was not statistically significant among the control (P=0.65) as well as for diabetic patients (P=0.58). For Taql allele frequencies of T allele was 0.61 where of G allele was 0.39. The frequency distribution of Taql genotypes was not statistically significant among the control (P=0.26) as well as diabetic patients (P=0.17). Relative risk of the allele T of Apa1 gene is 1.28 and the odds ratio of the same allele is 1.53, while both estimates were < 1.0 of the allele G. Similarly, with the Taq1 gene the relative risk and the odds ratio values for the allele T are 1.09 and 1.27 respectively and both estimates of the allele C were 0.86 for the relative risk and 0.79 for the odds ratio. The pairwise linkage disequilibrium between the two SNPs Taq1/apa1 was statistically significant in control group (D = 0.218, D' = 0.925 and P value < 0.001) and similar data in diabetic groups (D = 0.2, D' = 0.875 and P value < 0.001). These data suggest that the T allele of both genes Apa1 and Taq1 is associated with the increased risk of type 2 diabetes. We think that we need a larger number of volunteers to reach a more accurate conclusion.

Resumo Os microRNAs (miRNAs) são reconhecidos como biomarcadores do diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2), úteis para a compreensão do metabolismo da doença, e possuem grande potencial como alvos terapêuticos. O aumento da expressão de BDNF e IGF1 está altamente envolvido nos benefícios as vias de insulina e glicose, porém, são regulados negativamente em condições de resistência à insulina, enquanto seu aumento de expressão está correlacionado com a melhora do metabolismo da glicose e da insulina. Estudos sugerem a regulação desses genes por microRNA em vários contextos diferentes, proporcionando uma nova abordagem de investigação para compreender o metabolismo do DM2 e revelar potenciais alvos terapêuticos. No presente estudo, investigamos em diferentes modelos animais (humanos, ratos e camundongos) miRNAs que têm como alvo BDNF e IGF1 em tecido muscular esquelético com condições fisiológicas de DM2. As análises foram realizadas utilizando ferramentas de bioinformática e bancos de dados para predição de miRNA, homologia molecular, validação experimental de interações, expressão na condição fisiológica estudada e interação em rede. Os resultados mostraram três candidatos a miRNAs para IGF1 (miR-29a, miR-29b e miR-29c) e um para BDNF (miR-206). As avaliações experimentais e a busca pela expressão no músculo esquelético de indivíduos com DM2 confirmaram a interação prevista entre miRNA-mRNA para miR-29b e miR-206 através de modelos humanos, ratos e camundongos. Essa interação foi reafirmada em múltiplas análises de rede. Em conclusão, nossos resultados mostram a relação de regulação entre miR-29b e miR-206 com os genes investigados, em diversos tecidos, sugerindo um padrão de inibição. Contudo, esses dados mostram um grande número de possíveis processos fisiológicos de interação para perspectivas biotecnológicas.

Abstract microRNAs (miRNAs) are recognized as diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2DM) biomarkers useful for disease metabolism comprehension and have great potential as therapeutics targets. BDNF and IGF1 increased expression are highly involved in the benefits of insulin and glucose paths, however, they are down-regulated in insulin resistance conditions, while their expression increase is correlated to the improvement of glucose and insulin metabolism. Studies suggest the microRNA regulation of these genes in several different contexts, providing a novel investigation approach for comprehending T2DM metabolism and revealing potential therapeutic targets. In the present study, we investigate in different animal models (human, rat, and mouse) miRNAs that target BDNF and IGF1 in skeletal muscle tissue with T2DM physiological conditions. Bioinformatics tools and databases were used to miRNA prediction, molecular homology, experimental validation of interactions, expression in the studied physiological condition, and network interaction. The findings showed three miRNAs candidates for IGF1(miR-29a, miR-29b, and miR-29c) and one for BDNF (miR-206). The experimental evaluations and the search for the expression in skeletal muscle from T2DM subjects confirmed the predicted interaction between miRNA-mRNA for miR-29b and miR-206 through human, rat, and mouse models. This interaction was reaffirmed in multiple network analyses. In conclusion, our results show the regulation relationship between miR-29b and miR-206 with the investigated genes, in several tissues, suggesting an inhibition pattern. Nevertheless, these data show a large number of possible interaction physiological processes, for future biotechnological prospects.

Abstract: Sarcopenia (the loss of muscle mass, strength and skeletal muscle function) increases mortality and the risk of hospitalization in the older population. Although it is known that older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have a higher risk of dynapenia and sarcopenia, few studies have investigated these conditions in middle-aged populations. The objective of this study was to investigate whether T2DM, its duration, the presence of albuminuria, and glycemic control are associated with sarcopenia and its components in adults. The cross-sectional analysis was based on data from visit 2 of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (2012-2014). The 2018 European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People criteria were used to define dynapenia, low appendicular muscle mass (LAMM), and sarcopenia (absent/probable/confirmed). The explanatory variables were: T2DM; duration of T2DM; T2DM according to the presence of albuminuria; and glycemic control (HbA1C < 7%) among people with T2DM. A total of 12,132 participants (mean age = 55.5, SD: 8.9 years) were included. The odds ratio for LAMM was greater among those with T2DM, T2DM duration from 5 to 10 years, and T2DM without albuminuria. Chances of dynapenia were higher among those with T2DM, T2DM duration > 10 years, and T2DM with and without albuminuria. The variables T2DM, T2DM ≥ 10 years, and T2DM with albuminuria increased the odds of probable sarcopenia, and T2DM duration from 5 to 10 years increased the odds of confirmed sarcopenia. The results support the importance of frequently monitoring the musculoskeletal mass and strength of individuals with T2DM to prevent sarcopenia and related outcomes.

Resumen: La sarcopenia (pérdida de masa muscular, fuerza y función muscular esquelética) aumenta la mortalidad y el riesgo de hospitalización en ancianos. Los ancianos con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DMT2) presentan un mayor riesgo de sufrir dinapenia y sarcopenia, pero pocos estudios han investigado poblaciones de mediana edad. El objetivo fue investigar si la DMT2, su duración, la presencia de albuminuria y el control glucémico están asociados con la sarcopenia y sus componentes en adultos. Análisis transversal basado en los datos de la visita 2 del Estudio Longitudinal de Salud del Adulto en Brasil (2012-2014). Se utilizaron los criterios del European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People [Grupo de Trabajo Europeo sobre Sarcopenia en Personas Mayores] del 2018 para definir dinapenia, baja masa muscular apendicular y sarcopenia (ausente/probable/confirmada). Las variables explicativas fueron las siguientes: DMT2; duración de la DMT2; DMT2 según la presencia de albuminuria; y control glucémico (HbA1c < 7%) entre personas con DMT2. Se incluyeron 12.132 participantes (edad media = 55,5, DE: 8,9 años). La razón de probabilidades de masa muscular apendicular baja fue mayor entre personas con DMT2, duración de la DMT2 entre 5 y 10 años y DMT2 sin albuminuria. Las probabilidades de dinapenia fueron mayores entre las personas con DMT2, duración de la DMT2 > 10 años y DMT2 con y sin albuminuria. Las condiciones de DMT2, DMT2 ≥ 10 años y DMT2 con albuminuria aumentaron las probabilidades de sarcopenia probable y la duración de la DMT2 entre 5 y 10 años las probabilidades de sarcopenia confirmada. Los resultados refuerzan la importancia del monitoreo frecuente de la masa y de la fuerza musculoesquelética en individuos con DMT2 para prevenir la sarcopenia y los desenlaces relacionados.

Resumo: A sarcopenia (perda de massa muscular, força e função muscular esquelética) aumenta a mortalidade e o risco de hospitalização em idosos. Idosos com diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DMT2) apresentam risco elevado de desenvolver dinapenia e sarcopenia, mas poucos estudos investigaram populações de meia-idade. O objetivo foi investigar se DMT2, sua duração, a presença de albuminúria e o controle glicêmico estão associados à sarcopenia e seus componentes em adultos. Análise transversal baseada nos dados da segunda visita do Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde do Adulto (2012-2014). Os critérios do European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People [Grupo de Trabalho Europeu sobre Sarcopenia em Pessoas Idosas] de 2018 foram usados para definir dinapenia, baixa massa muscular apendicular e sarcopenia (ausente/provável/confirmada). As variáveis explicativas foram: DMT2; duração do DMT2; DMT2 de acordo com a presença de albuminúria; e controle glicêmico (HbA1c < 7%) entre pessoas com DMT2. Foram incluídos 12.132 participantes (idade média de 55,5; DP: 8,9 anos). A razão de chances para baixa massa muscular apendicular foi maior entre pessoas com DMT2, duração do DMT2 entre 5 e 10 anos e DMT2 sem albuminúria. As chances de dinapenia foram maiores entre pessoas com DMT2, duração do DMT2 > 10 anos e DMT2 com e sem albuminúria. DMT2, DMT2 ≥ 10 anos e DMT2 com albuminúria aumentaram as chances de sarcopenia provável e duração do DMT2 entre 5 e 10 anos aumentaram as chances de sarcopenia confirmada. Os resultados reforçam a importância do monitoramento frequente da massa e da força muscular em indivíduos com DMT2 para prevenir a sarcopenia e desfechos relacionados.

ABSTRACT Purpose: Trimethylamine N-oxide serum levels have been associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus and its complications. The current study aimed to find out if plasma trimethylamine N-oxide level may be a novel marker in the diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy and if it can be used in the differential diagnosis of diabetic and nondiabetic retinopathy. Methods: The study included 30 patients with diabetic retinopathy, 30 patients with nondiabetic retinopathy, 30 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus without retinopathy, and 30 healthy control participants. Biochemical parameters, serum IL-6, TNF-α, and trimethylamine N-oxide levels were measured in all participants. Results: Trimethylamine N-oxide level was significantly higher in diabetic retinopathy than in the other groups (p<0.001). There was no significant difference in trimethylamine N-oxide levels between nondiabetic retinopathy and control or type 2 diabetes mellitus Groups. There was a significant positive correlation between trimethylamine N-oxide level and elevated FPG, BMI, HOMA-IR score, BUN, IL-6, and TNF-α levels. Conclusion: The current study showed that the trimethylamine N-oxide level is elevated in diabetic retinopathy. These findings suggest that serum trimethylamine N-oxide level might be a novel marker for diabetic retinopathy, and it might be used in the differential diagnosis of diabetic and nondiabetic retinopathy.

RESUMO Objetivo: Os níveis séricos de N-óxido de trimetilamina têm sido associados ao diabetes mellitus tipo 2 e suas complicações. O presente estudo tem como objetivo responder a duas questões, entre elas: O nível plasmático de N-óxido de trimetilamina poderia ser um novo marcador no diagnóstico de retinopatia diabética? e Ele poderia ser utilizado no diagnóstico diferencial de retinopatia diabética e não diabética? Métodos: Trinta pacientes com retinopatia diabética, 30 pacientes com retinopatia não diabética, 30 pacientes com diabetes mellitus tipo 2 sem retinopatia e 30 participantes saudáveis do grupo controle foram incluídos no estudo. Parâmetros bioquímicos, níveis séricos de IL-6, de TNF-α e de N-óxido de trimetilamina foram medidos em todos os participantes. Resultados: O nível de N-óxido de trimetilamina foi significativamente maior na retinopatia diabética do que nos outros grupos (p<0,001). Não houve diferença significativa no nível de N-óxido de trimetilamina entre o grupo de retinopatia não diabética, do grupo controle ou do grupo de diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Houve uma correlação positiva significativa entre o nível de N-óxido de trimetilamina e os níveis elevados de FPG, IMC, HOMA-IR, BUN, IL-6 e TNF-α. Conclusão: O estudo atual mostrou que o nível de N-óxido de trimetilamina encontra-se elevado na retinopatia diabética. Esses achados sugerem que o nível sérico de N-óxido de trimetilamina pode ser um novo marcador na retinopatia diabética, podendo ser usado no diagnóstico diferencial de retinopatia diabética e não diabética.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Type 4 myocardial infarction is a complication of percutaneous coronary intervention that increases the inflammatory state of patients. Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic value of the absolute neutrophil count in the occurrence of type 4 myocardial infarction. Methods: A prospective cohort was carried out at Hermanos Ameijeiras Clinical Surgical Hospital. The universe consisted of 412 patients who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention from November 2018 to January 2021, two hundred thirty-two (232) patients form the sample. Clinical, anatomical and inflammatory variables were defined. Results: There were significant differences between patients with type 4 infarction and those who did not have this complication according to the clinical variables such as age, body mass index, diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease and ventricular systolic dysfunction. The subsequent elevation of the absolute neutrophil count when proceeding with an area under the 0.947 curve had good ability to discriminate this complication (p = 0.000). In the diagnosis of periprocedural infarction, the absolute neutrophil count was ≥ 7.35 after the procedure, it had 91.3% sensitivity and 96.2% specificity. Conclusions: Neutrophils were sensitive and specific for the diagnosis of type 4 myocardial infarction.

RESUMEN Introducción: El infarto del miocardio tipo 4a es una complicación del intervencionismo coronario percutáneo que incrementa el estado inflamatorio de los pacientes. Objetivo: Evaluar el valor diagnóstico del conteo absoluto de neutrófilos en la aparición de infarto del miocardio tipo 4a. Métodos: Se realizó una cohorte prospectiva en el Hospital Hermanos Ameijeiras. El universo estuvo constituido por 412 pacientes a los que se les realizó intervencionismo coronario percutáneo en el período comprendido de noviembre de 2018 a enero de 2021, la muestra fue de 232 pacientes. Se definieron variables clínicas, anatómicas, e inflamatorias. Resultados: Existieron diferencias significativas entre los pacientes con infarto tipo 4a y los que no tuvieron esta complicación según las variables clínicas: edad, índice de masa corporal, diabetes mellitus, enfermedad renal crónica y disfunción sistólica ventricular. La elevación del conteo absoluto de neutrófilos posterior al proceder con un área bajo la curva de 0,947 tuvo buena capacidad de discriminación de esta complicación (p = 0,000). En el diagnóstico de infarto periproceder el conteo absoluto de neutrófilos fue ≥ 7,35 posterior al proceder, tuvo una sensibilidad de 91,3 % y una especificidad de 96,2 %. Conclusiones: Los neutrófilos fueron sensibles y específicos para el diagnóstico de infarto del miocardio tipo 4a.

Abstract: Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is one of the most serious complications of type 1 diabetes mellitus. Its treatment requires fluid and electrolyte replacement and insulin. Hypophosphatemia as a complication of treatment has been scarcely evaluated. Objectives: To estimate the incidence of hypophosphatemia in children with DKA, treated with subcutaneous regular insulin (IRS), and to explore factors associated with this complication. Patients and Method: Prospective, observational study. Patients diagnosed with DKA hospitalized in the general care ward were included. Data on phosphatemia, glycemia, acid-base status, and IRS amount (U/kg) received were recorded at baseline and after 24 h of treatment. Hypophosphatemia was defined as values below 2.5 mg/dl. The correlation between initial phosphate and at 24 h of treatment was evaluated; the incidence of hypophosphatemia at 24 h was expressed as a percentage of the total number of patients. Results: 30 patients were included, 15 were female, mean age 11.4 ± 3.2 years. At 24 h of treatment with IRS, 36.7% (95%CI 22-55%) presented hypophosphatemia, mean value 1.9 ± 1.5 mg/dl. Initial bicarbonate < 10 mmol/L acted as a predictor of hypophosphatemia (OR 7.5; 95%CI 1.4-39.8%; p = 0.01). No patient required intravenous phosphate correction, and no associated clinical complications were observed. Conclusion: In the group studied, the incidence of hypophosphatemia reached 36.7% at 24 hours of treatment. Initial bicarbonate lower than 10 mmol/L was significantly associated with hypophosphatemia. No complications associated with hypophosphatemia were observed.

Resumen: La cetoacidosis diabética (CAD) es una de las complicaciones más graves de la diabetes mellitus tipo 1. Su tratamiento requiere reposición hidroelectrolítica e insulina. La hipofosfatemia como complicación del tratamiento ha sido escasamente evaluada. Objetivos: Estimar la incidencia de hipofosfatemia en niños con cetoacidosis diabética, tratados con insulina regular Subcutánea (IRS), y explorar factores asociados con esta complicación. Pacientes y Método: Estudio observacional, prospectivo. Se incluyeron los pacientes con diagnóstico de CAD hospitalizados en sala de cuidados generales. Se registraron, al inicio y después de 24 h de tratamiento, fosfatemia, glucemia, estado ácido base y cantidad de IRS (U/kg) recibido. Se definió hipofosfatemia a valores inferiores a 2,5 mg/dl. Se evaluó la correlación entre fósforo inicial y a las 24 h de tratamiento; la incidencia de hipofosfatemia a las 24h se expresó en porcentaje del total de pacientes. Resultados: Se incluyeron 30 pacientes, 15 sexo femenino, edad promedio 11,4 ± 3,2 años. A las 24 h de tratamiento con IRS el 36,7%; IC95% (2255%) presentó hipofosfatemia, valor promedio 1,9 ± 1,5 mg/dl. El bicarbonato inicial < 10 mmol/L se comportó como predictor de hipofosfatemia (OR 7,5 IC95% 1,4-39,8% p = 0,01). Ningún paciente requirió corrección endovenosa de fosfato, ni se observaron complicaciones clínicas asociadas. Conclusión: En el grupo estudiado, la incidencia de hipofosfatemia alcanzó un 36,7% a las 24 h de tratamiento. El bicarbonato inicial menor a 10 mmol/L se asoció significativamente a hipofosfatemia. No se observaron complicaciones asociadas a hipofosfatemia.

Resumo Introdução: O fígado gordo associado a disfunção metabólica (FGADM) é uma causa crescente de doença hepática crónica. Em 2020, o score Fibroscan-AST (FAST) foi validado internacionalmente como uma nova ferramenta capaz de identificar pacientes com esteatohepatite que beneficiam de terapêuticas adicionais, baseado nos achados da elastografia hepática transitória (EHT) e níveis séricos de aspartato aminotransferase (AST). Os autores procuraram identificar, em pacientes com FGADM, que fatores metabólicos predizem um score-FAST maior. Métodos: Estudo retrospetivo de pacientes com FGADM submetidos a EHT durante 2 anos consecutivos. Pacientes sem uma amostra de AST colhida nos 6 meses prévios à EHT foram excluídos. O score-FAST foi calculado, estratificando o risco do paciente como baixo (<0,35), moderado (0,35-0,67) ou alto (>0,67). Resultados: A amostra incluiu 117 pacientes, 53% do sexo feminino, com uma idade média de 53 anos. Em análise multivariada, pacientes com Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 (DMT2) (p < 0,001), dislipidemia (p = 0,046) e hábitos tabágicos (p = 0,037) apresentaram valores de score-FAST significativamente maiores. Além disso, os pacientes diabéticos apresentaram não só valores de score-FAST significativamente maiores, como também foram mais frequente classificados como pertencendo ao grupo de alto risco, de acordo com os critérios deste score (OR = 9,2; 95%IC = 1,8-45,5; p = 0,007). Conclusões: Calculando o score-FAST, pacientes com FGADM e DMT2 apresentaram um risco significativamente maior. Esta ferramenta validada poderá ser utilizada para selecionar os pacientes com DMT2 e FGADM que poderão beneficiar de seguimento especializado.

Abstract Background: Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is an increasingly prevalent cause of chronic liver disease. In 2020, the FibroScan-AST (FAST) score was internationally validated as a new tool able to identify patients with steatohepatitis who benefit the most from further therapies, based on liver transient elastography (LTE) findings and serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST). We aimed to identify, in MAFLD patients, which metabolic features may predict a higher FAST score. Methods: Retrospective study of consecutive patients with MAFLD submitted to LTE for two consecutive years. Patients without an AST sample collected within 6 months of the LTE were excluded. FAST score was calculated, stratifying the patient’s risk as low (<0.35), medium (0.35-0.67), or high (>0.67). Results: The sample included 117 patients, 53.0% of the female gender, with a mean age of 53 years. On multivariate analysis, patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) (p < 0.001), dyslipidemia (p = 0.046), and smoking habits (p = 0.037) presented with significantly higher FAST score values. Furthermore, diabetic patients did not only present significantly higher FAST scores but were also more frequently assigned to the high-risk group according to FAST score criteria (OR = 9.2; 95% CI = 1.8-45.5; p = 0.007). Conclusions: Calculating the FAST score, patients with T2DM presented a significantly higher risk of having significant fibrosis and steatohepatitis. Physicians may rely on this validated instrument to more easily identify which patients with T2DM and MAFLD benefit the most from a specialized follow-up.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Fournier's gangrene is currently defined as a specific form of synergistic, rapid, progressive and multibacterial necrotizing fasciitis, which mainly affects the muscular fascia of the perineal, genital, or perianal region and even the abdominal wall; with genitourinary, colorectal, or idiopathic starting point. All of this, accompanied by skin gangrene in these areas due to thrombosis of subcutaneous blood vessels. Objectives: To describe the epidemiological and surgical characteristics of the sequelae patients of Fournier's disease in the Plastic Surgery Unit of the Hospital de Clínicas in a period of 2 years. Materials and methods: Observational, descriptive, cross-sectional, temporally retrospective, case series type study. The type of sampling was non-probabilistic at convenience. Eighteen sequelae patients of Fournier's disease reconstructed in the Plastic Surgery Unit of Hospital de Clínicas between 2020 and 2021 are presented. Results: During the study period, 395 surgeries were performed in the Plastic Surgery Service of the Hospital de Clínicas, of which 18 patients underwent surgery for sequelae of Fournier's disease, which represents 5% of the total. Regarding demographic variables, age ranged between 37 and 85 years with greater impact in the sixth decade of life with an average of 61 years. 94% of the patients were male; 89% of the patients had type 2 diabetes mellitus as an underlying pathology, followed by obesity in 72% and high blood pressure in 56% of cases; In 83% of the cases, the scrotal region was affected, followed by the perineal region in 56% of the patients and the penis in 50% of the cases. The most frequently used reconstructive technique was flaps in 10 patients, followed by skin grafting in 8 patients, and primary closure in 6 patients. It is worth mentioning that in some patients several reconstructive techniques were used following the concept of reconstruction by sub- anatomical units, among the flaps the most used were the medial femoral circumflex perforator flap (gracilis perforator) with 50% of the cases followed by the fasciocutaneous transposition flap of the internal pudendal with 30%, and finally the fasciocutaneous advancement flap with 20% (Table 3). The average hospital stay was 3 days, with a minimum of 1 day and a maximum of 5 days postoperatively. Suture dehiscence was reported as a complication in 3 patients; no complications were observed in 77% of the cases. Conclusion: The sequelae of Fournier's disease undergoing surgeries represent 5% of the total number of surgeries performed in our Service, they are more prevalent in the sixth decade of life, it affects more males with type 2 diabetes mellitus as the underlying pathology, the reconstructive techniques used in the sequelae are variable according to the anatomical regions affected and can range from primary closure to the use of flaps for repair.

RESUMEN Introducción: La gangrena de Fournier actualmente se define como una forma específica de fascitis necrotizante sinérgica, rápida, progresiva y de origen multibacteriano, que afecta principalmente la fascia muscular de región perineal, genital o perianal e incluso de pared abdominal; con punto de partida genitourinario, colorrectal o idiopático. Todo ello, acompañado de gangrena de piel de estas áreas debida a trombosis de vasos sanguíneos subcutáneos. Objetivos: Describir las características epidemiológicas y quirúrgicas de los pacientes secuelares de la enfermedad de Fournier en la Unidad de Cirugía Plástica del Hospital de Clínicas en un período de 2 años. Materiales y métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo, de corte transversal, temporalmente retrospectivo, tipo serie de casos. El tipo de muestreo fue no probabilístico a conveniencia. Se presentan 18 pacientes secuelares de enfermedad de Fournier reconstruidos en la Unidad de Cirugía Plástica de Hospital de Clínicas entre los años 2020 y 2021. Resultados: Durante el periodo del estudio se realizaron 395 cirugías en el Servicio de Cirugía Plástica del Hospital de Clínicas, de los cuales 18 pacientes fueron intervenidos quirúrgicamente por secuelas de enfermedad de Fournier, lo que representa el 5% del total. En lo que respecta a las variables demográficas, la edad osciló entre los 37 y 85 años con mayor afectación en la sexta década de la vida con un promedio de 61 años. El 94% de los pacientes fue de sexo masculino; el 89% de los pacientes tenía como patología de base la diabetes mellitus tipo 2, seguido de la obesidad en el 72% y la hipertensión arterial en el 56% de los casos; el 83% de los casos estuvo afectada la región escrotal seguido de la región perineal con el 56% de los pacientes y el pene en el 50% de los casos. La técnica reconstructiva empleada en mayor frecuencia fueron los colgajos en 10 pacientes, seguido del injerto de piel en 8 pacientes, y el cierre primario en 6 pacientes, cabe mencionar que en algunos pacientes se emplearon varias técnicas reconstructivas siguiendo el concepto de reconstrucción por sub-unidades anatómicas, entre los colgajos los más utilizados fueron el colgajo de perforante de la circunfleja femoral medial (perforante de gracilis) con el 50% de los casos seguido del colgajo de transposición fasciocutáneo de la pudenda interna con el 30%, y por último el colgajo de avance fasciocutáneo con el 20% (Tabla 3). La estancia hospitalaria promedio fue de 3 días, con un mínimo de 1 día y un máximo de 5 días post operatorio. Se reportó como complicación la dehiscencia de sutura en 3 pacientes, no se observó complicaciones en el 77% de los casos. Conclusión: Las secuelas de la enfermedad de Fournier sometidos a cirugías representan el 5% del total de cirugías realizadas en nuestro Servicio, son más prevalentes en la sexta década de la vida, afecta más al sexo masculino con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 como patología de base, las técnicas reconstructivas empleadas en las secuelas son variables de acuerdo a las regiones anatómicas afectadas y pueden abarcar desde el cierre primario hasta la utilización de colgajos para su reparación.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) constitutes a public health problem. Objectives: Determine the frequency of surgical debridement and lower limb amputations in type 2 diabetic patients and their economic impact. Materials and methods: A descriptive cross-sectional observational study was carried out. The direct medical costs of both surgical debridement and lower limb amputations in diabetic patients at the Hospital de Clínicas, San Lorenzo were estimated during 2019. Results: The total of surgical debridement and lower limb amputations in 2019 represents the 1.9% (314/16,484) of surgical procedures performed at the Hospital de Clínicas. The total amount of expenses is 1,804,185,116 (262,541 USD), of which 172,514,000 (38,857 USD) constitute out-of-pocket expenses and 1,631,671,116 (237,437 USD) constitute expenses disbursed to the Paraguayan State through the Hospital de Clínicas de San Lorenzo. Conclusion: The complications of diabetes impose considerable costs both in out-of-pocket spending, on the health sector and on the economy in general in Paraguay, so it is necessary to re-evaluate the management of this problem taking into account the great impact that these procedures have on the lives of patients on a physical, emotional, family and social level, as well as the economic burden that the treatment entails for the Health System.

RESUMEN Introducción: La diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) constituye un problema de salud pública. Objetivos: Determinar la frecuencia de los desbridamientos quirúrgicos y amputaciones de miembros inferiores en pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 y su impacto económico. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio Observacional descriptivo de corte transversal. Se estimaron los costos médicos directos tanto de desbridamientos quirúrgicos como de amputaciones de miembros inferiores en pacientes diabéticos en el Hospital de Clínicas San Lorenzo, durante el año 2019. Resultados: El total de desbridamientos quirúrgicos y amputaciones de miembros inferiores en el año 2019 representan el 1,9% (314/16.484) de los procedimientos quirúrgicos realizados en el Hospital de Clínicas. El monto total de gastos es de 1.804.185.116 (262.541 USD), de los cuales 172.514.000 (38.857 USD) constituyen gastos de bolsillo y 1.631.671.116 (237.437 USD) constituyen gastos erogados al Estado Paraguayo a través del Hospital de Clínicas de San Lorenzo. Conclusión: Las complicaciones de la diabetes imponen considerables costos tanto en el gasto de bolsillo, al sector de la salud como a la economía en general en el Paraguay, por lo que es necesario re evaluar el manejo de esta problemática teniendo en cuenta el gran impacto que tienen dichos procedimientos producen en la vida de los pacientes a nivel físico, emocional, familiar y social, así como la carga económica que conlleva el tratamiento para el Sistema de Salud.

Abstract Renal abscesses are a rare complication of urinary tract infections and may be associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Most cases occur in patients with predisposing factors such as immunosuppression. Diagnosis requires high clinical suspicion and its treat ment consists in the use of parenteral antibiotics and antifungals associated or not with surgical interventions such as nephrostomy and nephrectomy. Few cases have been published in the medical literature of multifocal bilateral renal abscesses and even fewer due to Candida albicans. We present the case of a 20-year-old woman with type 1 diabetes mellitus, diagnosed at age 8, multiple hospitalizations for diabetic ketoacidosis, and recent hospitalization for candidemia (Candida albicans) treated with fluconazole for 23 days. Eighteen days after her discharge, she consulted for dull flank pain and gen eral symptoms. Contrast enhanced abdominal tomography showed bilateral multifocal abscesses and Candida albicans was isolated in one of the samples obtained from lesions. She received fluconazole 400 mg, 6 weeks i.v. and 2 weeks via enteral route, evolving favorably with clinical and imag ing improvement, continuing outpatient clinical monitoring. This report highlights the importance of diagnosis and treatment of this rare complication in complex diseases such as diabetes mellitus.

Resumen Los abscesos renales son una complicación poco frecuente de las infecciones del tracto urinario y suelen asociarse con un aumento de la morbi-mortalidad. La mayoría de los casos ocurre en pacientes con factores predisponentes como la inmunosupresión. El diagnóstico requiere de una elevada sospecha clínica y el trata miento consiste en el uso de antibióticos y antifúngicos parenterales asociados o no a intervenciones quirúrgicas como nefrostomía y nefrectomía. Son pocos los casos publicados en la literatura médi ca de abscesos renales bilaterales multifocales y menos aún por Candida albicans. Se presenta el caso de una mujer de 20 años de edad con diabetes mellitus tipo 1 diagnosticada a los 8 años, múltiples internaciones por cetoacidosis diabética y reciente internación por can didemia (Candida albicans) completando tratamiento con fluconazol por 23 días. A los 18 días de su externación, consulta por dolor en flancos de tipo sordo y síntomas ge nerales; se realizó tomografía de abdomen con contraste que mostró abscesos multifocales bilaterales. Aislándose Candida albicans en una de las muestras obtenidas de las lesiones; recibió tratamiento con fluconazol 400 mg por 6 semanas endovenoso y 2 semanas vía enteral, evolu cionando favorablemente con mejoría clínica e image nológica continuando seguimiento clínico ambulatorio. Este reporte resalta la importancia del diagnóstico y tratamiento de esta complicación infrecuente en enfer medades complejas como la diabetes.